US ends 20 year old war, leaving Afghani civilians in the lurch

By Madhavi Rao ’24

Staff Writer

After a 20-year insurgency against the U.S. government, the Taliban, an Islamic militant organization, has taken control of Afghanistan. The extremist takeover was hastened by the U.S.’s withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan in July and August 2021. The militant group's seizure of power has caused human rights concerns for citizens of Afghanistan.

On April 14, President Joe Biden announced that U.S. troops would withdraw from Afghanistan, ending an ongoing war that spanned two decades. Biden stated that “[The U.S.] no longer had a clear purpose in an open-ended mission in Afghanistan,” Al-Jazeera reported. This decision was fully implemented on the Aug. 31 deadline, when the last U.S. troops left the country. The withdrawal of the U.S. military led to the rapid conquest of the country by the Taliban, resulting in the extremist organization’s capture of the capital, Kabul, on Aug. 15. 

During the reign of the Soviet Union, the USSR extended forces to Afghanistan as a way of supporting the communist government that existed there. In 1989, the Soviets were driven out by Islamic fighters. The subsequent power vacuum led to the creation of the Taliban, an Islamic extremist group consisting mostly of students, in 1994. When it first emerged, the group was described as consisting of “Islamic purists and Afghan patriots” by The New York Times. The movement was initially welcomed as a form of relief against the Afghan warlords that played a part in driving out the Soviet soldiers. However, in 1996, the Taliban declared Afghanistan an “Islamic Emirate,” ruling with a conservative view of the religion which was intolerant of other religions and oppressive of women’s freedoms. By 1998, the militant group had taken control of most of the country. 

Following the 2001 attack by the terrorist group al-Qaeda on the Twin Towers in New York City, Osama bin Laden, the head of al-Qaeda, was harbored by the Taliban in Afghanistan. The U.S. military launched airstrikes alongside Afghan Northern Alliance ground forces and deposed the Taliban rulers when they refused to hand over bin Laden. According to BBC News, the U.S. vowed to “support democracy and eliminate the terrorist threat” in Afghanistan. The Taliban returned, and the situation escalated into the longest war that the U.S. has fought. With the withdrawal of the last U.S. troops on Aug. 31, the future of Afghanistan under Taliban rule is uncertain. 

“For at least the past ten years, the Taliban controlled at least half of Afghan territory,”  chair of International Relations on the Alumnae Foundation and Professor of Politics Sohail Hashmi said. “The people in rural Afghanistan — the majority of the population — have been under Taliban rule. The choice facing President Biden was to prolong this stalemate for yet another presidential administration, escalate American troop presence to respond to escalating Taliban attacks, or pull out,” Hashmi continued. “In my opinion, President Obama made a crucial mistake when he decided to continue the American presence in Afghanistan after Osama bin Laden was killed in 2011. Remember, the U.S. attacked Afghanistan in 2001 to eliminate the threat from al-Qaeda coming from that country. Ten years later, bin Laden was killed not in Afghanistan, but deep in Pakistan.”

“Over the 20-year arc of the war, it has been a story of U.S. overreach and, at times, a self-deluding refusal to face facts,” American journalist David Ignatius wrote in an opinion piece for The Washington Post. 

“The problem with the evacuation, in part, was that military and civilian efforts were operating on different clocks,” Ignatius said. “The military raced out by July 1, embracing the generals’ credo, ‘speed is safety,’ and leaving behind only a token force of 650.” He continued, “The civilian withdrawal proceeded at a slower pace, moving more like ‘pond water’ than a rushing torrent, in the words of one four-star general. That was partly because Biden had promised President Ashraf Ghani to avoid a rush for the exits that might trigger a panic. It turned out that it was Ghani himself who panicked and fled for his life, handing Kabul to the Taliban.”

Omid, a 26-year-old Afghani medical student, told Al-Jazeera, “They gave us pens and taught us about freedom, and then just as quickly, they took it all away,” referencing the end of U.S. presence in the country. In an interview with the news outlet, he went on to explain that the main concern for many Afghani civilians at the moment is staying out of poverty, as well as finding a means of leaving the country. 

Abhilash Medhi, assistant professor of history at Mount Holyoke College, commented on the conditions of people in the country: “In terms of inflation, food security, poverty, etc. the country might face similar problems as it did under Taliban rule in the 1990s. People are already lining up to sell household items for money. One statistic states that one third of the country now has food insecurity.”

One reason for the economic instability is the withdrawal of U.S. aid to the country. Foreign aid accounts for nearly half the legal economy of Afghanistan, according to a report by The New York Times, meaning that stopping this inflow of cash could lead to a serious financial crisis in the nation. The exit of U.S. troops also removed a major source of tax revenue from the country. 

The Taliban’s conservative views are also a source of concern when considering the country’s future. In a report on the conditions of human rights in Afghanistan, Amnesty International stated, “Women and girls continued to face gender-based discrimination and violence throughout Afghanistan, especially in areas under Taliban control, where their rights were violated with impunity and violent ‘punishments’ were meted out for perceived transgressions of the armed group’s interpretation of Islamic law.” 

Medhi further clarified, “A large portion of the country was already under Taliban rule. In the south and the east, in regions such as Helmand, Wardak and Paktia, there were entire districts which were already controlled by the Taliban.” Medhi continued, “The Taliban’s strict doctrine is not dissimilar to how some ethnic groups, such as the Pashtuns, were already living. However, for groups such as the Hazaras, the Uzbeks and the Tajiks, these developments can be very troubling. The Taliban takeover means very different things for people based on their ethnicity and gender.” 

Massoud, a shopkeeper in the capital city of Kabul, told Al-Jazeera, “The former governments were full of corrupt thieves, but now, we have no freedoms.”

US Plans To Withdraw From Afghanistan

By Amelia Luo ’23

Staff Writer & Photographer

On Nov. 17, 2020, acting Defense Secretary Christopher Miller announced that the United States would reduce troop levels in Afghanistan by mid-January. This withdrawal would bring the number of troops stationed from 4,500 to 2,500, accelerating troops’ removal during President Donald Trump’s final days in office. The acceleration aims to fulfill Trump’s pledge to bring forces home, though it has been met with many objections from senior military officials who would prefer a slower pullout. Some U.S. allies have warned of the danger of withdrawing under current conditions, according to The Washington Post. 

The U.S. and the Taliban signed a peace deal on Feb. 29, 2020, which contains four major agreements: one, to convene the Intra-Afghan negotiation; two, for a cease-fire among the U.S., Taliban and Afghan forces to be put on the Intra-Afghan agenda; three, the withdrawal of foreign forces and reduction of U.S. military troops from 12,000 to 8,600 within the first 135 days; and four, that no groups or individuals use Afghanistan soil to threaten the security of the U.S. and its allies. Since signing this deal, the U.S. has closed at least 10 bases across Afghanistan. However, very little information on the final remaining sites and the actual situation of these military bases in Afghanistan after their closures have been made known to the public. 

Despite the fast-approaching deadline, many withdrawal process plans remain murky. Ashley Jackson, an expert on the militant group with the Overseas Development Institute, told The Washington Post that the closing of U.S. bases also hands Taliban fighters both symbolic and tangible victories. Kayla Olds ’23, a politics major, suggested that “the decision is irresponsible, the timing is bad, and it will do much more harm than good by potentially making the situation worse for the people in Afghanistan.” 

Lucia Xie ’23, a double major in politics and history, remarked that “The United States has been involved in the Afghan conflict for nearly two decades, but it appears to be a stalemate that cannot be resolved in the short term.” Xie continued, “I think the U.S. withdrawal can be an appropriate decision because the U.S. has spent a lot of wasted time and resources on the Afghanistan problem. This process, of course, has not significantly advanced America’s counterterrorism efforts.” 

The withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan and the closing of military bases is part of the deal that the U.S. signed with the Taliban. However, the Taliban has not yet met the requirements to reduce violent attacks against Afghan government forces, nor have they broken ties with international terrorist organizations such as al-Qaida. If the U.S. chose to withdraw now, it would further weaken an already fragile Afghan government. Despite this, the Afghan security forces are well supplied and funded by foreign economics, so the pullout of the U.S. troops would not necessarily cause a complete collapse in Afghanistan. 

Miller suggested that the U.S. would be ready to respond if conditions in Afghanistan change. Analysts and Afghan officials also suggested that U.S. troops are collapsing forces into bigger military bases to have a larger number of forces ready to secure various small outposts. This would also help bring U.S. troops closer to medical facilities, making it easier to evacuate the country if necessary. American military presence in Afghanistan was seen as an essential reason for the Taliban to keep its side of the deal and negotiate. However, this speedy pullout is sending signals to the Taliban that the U.S. is leaving the region regardless of the insurgency. According to The New York Times, immediately after the Pentagon’s announcement of the withdrawal plan, mortar shells and rockets were fired in several places in Baghdad, including areas near the U.S. Embassy, killing a child and leaving five civilians wounded. 

Trump’s determination was met with alarm from the U.S.’ NATO allies. NATO’s Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg warned that “the price for leaving too soon or in an uncoordinated way could be very high.” According to the New York Times, allied nations have stated that they will reconsider their presence in Afghanistan if the U.S. withdraws, a decision which will likely change regional occupations.